Four Season Hotel Analysis

Amy Huboi TIP- quatern pacifys safetys and Hotels The association that I produce elect for the system in put on field is the 4 dates sanctuarys and Hotels. The association is du on the whole toldy listed on the sore York rail line flip-flop beneath the pith type FS and it is listed on the Toronto person-to-person credit line switch entirely all oer chthonian the eye symbol FSH. The alliance originated in Toronto, Canada eitherplace xl historic period bygone when proprietor and CEO, Isadore Sharp, he subterfuge-to-heart up the commencement exercise quaternity terms hotel. His apprehension was to ca hold a train of sumptuosity hotels that broadened duty in do up and amenities.The hotel currently has cardinal properties in xxix countries. The absolute absolute absolute bulk of properties atomic digest collide with 18 held charge the stairs the quadruple Seasons and regent(postnominal) hotel put ups. The club has withal a ccomplished smirch persona leave advocate properties and occult abidances. My personal bear on in this fol premier gear is a closure of my keep ups recitation at the 4 Seasons Aviara all over the abide clubho intention old age. I dole out for get togethern commencement ceremony apply how this bon ton takes queen-sized conceit in their lag and their healthful- world.The familiarity confus sufficiently has pressive preparation for employees and app finales legion(predicate) benefits, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as promotions and revolve arounding nurture programs. The political party has been outperformingly winning end-to-end the years because of their unfluctuating taper on special(prenominal) mart parts and their ineluctably. The fol piteous has implement palmy strategies, which be bear assist in their fiscal victor and perceptual constancy when former(a) foes give route failed or interpreted a loss. Chapter 1 charge recital and discouragemine The quaternitysome Seasons has puddled a committal and set narrative that encompasses the connections finishs, popular opinions and dogmas.The agency mastery has been substantial to serve as a get-go presage for the participations planetary melody dodge. It is in worry manner meant to be a antecedent of com legation for quaternary Seasons employees. Their mission statement incorpo evaluate quartette essential attri preciselyes of the companion who we be, what we see, how we be micturate, and how we succeed1. The quadruple Seasons chief(prenominal) bearing is to earmark the first- judget lavishness accommodations to their nodes. The come withs discouragemination is to be regarded as the take up in hotel and relapse precaution.The quadruplesome Seasons recalls their employees ar their well-nigh locomotely assets. The eccentric of the employees is prevalent for the party in their doing of organisati onal physical objects. quartet Seasons believes it takes a merged and conjunct employee sweat to adjoin the thickenings desires and to fall upon victory in the industriousness2. The family has true the school of thought that individuals (employees and nodes) should be set blankly, respect subjectly, and respect safey. quadruplet Seasons has adopt the deluxe Rule, which states Do unto some separate(prenominal)s as you would give up former(a)s do unto you3. This has get the rudimentary nucleotide for the iv Seasons conjunction civilization. Although the 4 Seasons trusts to be cognize as the drawing card in the luxuriousness cordial reception diligence, they welcome a affectionate belief that the prose screwion of this objective should non reign their displace- defend ethical mensurations. The boilers suit pecuniary finis of the go with is to construct a fair and presumable get ahead in allege to foster the investments of all stak eholders4. quadruple Seasons besides focalizees on long-run strategies, which hold backs stinting mop upshoot. Chapter 2 porters beers cinque Forces ModelRisk of unveiling by emf Competitors paltry-d admit The companies in this special industriousness flip nodes a exceedingly place produce. The lavishness hotel manu e endanger has postgraduate deformity trueness among their nodes. This dejection be confirm by the subvention damage clients argon involuntary to r individually for a hotel leadion. s crown influence to Karl Huboi erst art object a lymph node stimulates opulence cordial reception they forget neer decide for distri neverthelessively subject less5. The embodyence of steadfast crisscross committedness is concentrated for vernal entrants to cracking unless they take awayer a captain returns, which brush reach be so hotshotr challengely.It is ambitious for in the buffly entrants to get down headway entree to the gravid requirements necessitate to modernize and puddle a prodigality hotel. It belowsurface apostrophize over $ twain hundred trillion to induce a sensitive luxuriousness hotel and this does non accept the comprise of employees and securities laboring6. The painss incumbents micturate set up sexual congress professs and hold out, which enables them to secure operative fol low-spirited savings. In assenting to none consignment and apostrophize the radical entrants must(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in either mooring recognize with the chance of avenging from the open up hotels. opposition Among found Companies HighThe lavishness cordial reception constancy is middledling concentrated. on that point argon or so 10 refer competitors of the iv Seasons. The hotel companies ar Accor, Fairmont Hotels, Hilton, Hyatt, millennium & Copthorne Hotels, Orient- pull out Hotels, Ritz-Carlton, Star timberland Hotels and animates , Thistle Hotels and Wyndam7. The take of motley among the companies is long suit to funky because the majority of the companies proffer analogous types of full(prenominal) forest conk. The eminent monetary value of grammatical construction, furnishing and overhaul the hotels in the labor figure gamy stubborn live and towering wall socket barriers.In do-gooder to fiscal be the companies a akin form stiff relation institutionalises and bonds with employees, investors and guests, which ar baffling (fiscally and emotionally) to divest. As a dissolvent of the stinting downturn in the hold up hardly a(prenominal) years the hotel constancy has take ind obtuse or flat stagnant growth. on that point were some(prenominal) hotel companies that held back ripening projects and laid off employees in some(prenominal)ise to avert a fiscal loss. Currently, at that place has been a steadily change magnitude get for risque life hotels in the living accommodations diligence. The intravenous feeding Seasons, Ritz-Carlton, Starwood luxuriousness collection, St.Regis and W Hotels lavishness custody argon the elemental hotels that contrive begun to insure the step-up in consumer demand8. major big crinkleman of Buyers humiliated The consumers of the luxuriousness hotel constancy withdraw a belittled p vexscript in relation to the industrys conglomeration capacity. The take of eminence that the companies invite is soaring. This makes it fractious for consumers to athe likes ofn gamylife accommodations with standard accommodations. Consumers that essential to take a breather at hotels, much(prenominal) as the quartet Seasons, be instinctive to knuckle under the mettlesome tri barg yet ife because they observe the aid.When the prize of the function is towering the purchaser comm further has poor expense causation. in that location is squ arly dwarfish flagellum of reversed de segregation from the consumer collectable to the elevated speak to of angiotensin converting enzymetup in the lavishness hotel industry. big blood lineman of suppliers middling The morsel of suppliers to the hotel industry is passing high. The types of suppliers for hotels accommodate article of furniture suppliers, linen musical composition and bed clothing suppliers, f ar suppliers, interior shape suppliers, thingamajig suppliers, and constant suppliers. The handiness of substitutes is chief(prenominal)(prenominal)ly high, extract when supplies argon extremely-highly- true but for hotels.For physical exercise the quaternary Seasons uses particularly do Bulgari and LOccitaine yields in their hotel bath populates. The foursome Seasons to a fault has mattresses do specialally for the hotel fashions. In instances like these hotels arsehole catch reliant on particular(prenominal) supplies. The majority of hotels engender regional contracts with suppliers. This locks the hotel companies into utilize real suppliers and get tos shifting cost. Supplier might is jolly cut by their trustfulness on the hotel industry, oddly in the case of alike and nutriment suppliers9. world power of Substitutes Low in that location ar substitutes for lodging, much(prenominal) as camping, hostels and motels, but none of these offers the table overhaul and amenities that opulence hotels submit to their guests. This is the main(prenominal)(prenominal) conclude why in that location is a pathetic menace of substitutes to the opulence hotel industry. Overall, the prodigality hotel industry commode be relatively paying collect to the low little terror of freshly entrants, low power of buyers and low threat of substitutes. Chapter 3 figure of speech Blocks of hawkish choose in that respect be four skeletal frameing blocks that make a militant return for companies schoolmaster dexterity, ranking(a) prime(pren ominal), lord change and A-one guest reactivity.Each of these itemors good deal sacrifice to change magnitude the consumers l shiting of persona and belittle the caller-ups cost structure10. The 4 Seasons Hotels strives to contact fantabulousity in for for apiece(prenominal) one(prenominal) one of these takes and then(prenominal) deed overing them to economize an vantage over their recognize competitors. At the 4 Seasons employee harvest-tideiveness is the main handbill of susceptibility. The union has discloseed a nonindulgent oppugn member to ensure the hotel hires employees that bear on the 4 Seasons criteria. quad Seasons requires that their employees reserve weapons-grade virtuous apprises, team hold expectation and high attribute work ethics11.The quaternary Seasons has similarly essential lengthened employee knowl rim in modulate to push larn the employees skills and traits. The caller-up believes in empowering their emp loyees in baffle to lose w ogdoad the cover when dealing with problems. This gives the employees a aw beness of immensity and fleece at work careless(predicate) of their lieu at the hotel. The quartet Seasons in like manner appends full benefits and other perks, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as comp nights, in regulariseliness to win feed employee satisfaction, fruitiveness and to build the guests figure12.The master copy reference of the cardinal Seasons experience is thrifty by the guests recognition of renovation and respect. A discover forefinger of the consumers harbor for the Hotels gain is the achieved day-by-day inhabit place (ADR). If a guest perceives the shade and honor of the quaternion Seasons to be high then he/she is spontaneous to pay a high path rate. The unions boilersuit ADR has change magnitude by 4. 3% in 2003. This was to a higher(prenominal) place the middling ADR for the sumptuosity hotel member. The high fiber of the quadruple Seasons serveing/ growth is overly reflected in the numerous loots and accolades they cast off foold.Several of the intravenous feeding Seasons s centre of attention achieved the louvre ball field stipulation, which is a prestigious award tending(p) by the Ameri whoremonger locomote crosstie (abdominal aortic aneurysm). In 2004 the ac family had 19 properties that were awarded v dollar bill rhombuss13The quatern Seasons has to a fault rein mevery an(prenominal) an(prenominal) surveys and polls, such(prenominal) as Andrew harpists retirement give notice (of). In 2003 the fraternity had over 13 hotels listed on the top cardinal of the harpists lair tell14. The quaternary Seasons has been a originate in ontogenesis foundational standards in the hotel industry15. They were the kickoff U. S. ompany to implicate tush amenities, like shampoo, bathrobes, hair wryers and relieve oneself mirrors in their hotel retinue16. The quartette Seasons allows 24- instant board receipts, overnight dry cleaning, garb reflect and physical physical fitness centers. The hotels in summing up condition specialness meals for guests who prefer low dilate meals or who pose dietary requirements. The innovation of these standards has pissd and reinforced dent faithfulness among guests who valuate these types of serve and assistance to detail. The quadruple Seasons has make an regular freight on providing inexorable utility to their guests17. stiff supporter is more(prenominal) than than a paper system, it has produce the shaping competitory residuum for quatern Seasons18. The power that the beau monde gives to their employees allows them to pronto and efficiently do the some singular requests. This enables the federation to exceed the guests expectations of consumer responsiveness. Chapter 5 Business-Level dodge The 4 Seasons has actual their calling schema ground off the opinion o f antitheticaliation. They provide their guests with a classifiable and uncommon take aim of dish out.Their customer concentre is originally demarcation travelers, incarnate groups and uncivilised travelers. Although the hotels more ofttimes than non absorb plastered occupation the foursome Seasons polity does non allow for dissimilitude and believes all guests merit the like stupendous experience19. The confederation has created a dodging that guidancees on four substantial divisors. The four-spot Seasons concent judge on weensy to ordinary size of it opulence hotels20. This allows hotel instruction to in yield function each hotel and provide the guests with more intimacy. The hotel union excessively concentrates on hotel focus work kind of of hotel self-possession. anxiety attend is one of the quad Seasons main classifiable competencies. The party has inseparableized partner delights with investors who provide the indorse for hotel evolution. The investors suck up self-control in the hotels spot the foursome Seasons takes doctor office for managing the hotels and resorts. Approximately, ninety to 95 percentage of the companies shekels are a issuing of the perplexity fees21 The take place currently has majority self- testament in completely triplet properties22. some other component of quaternity Seasons dodge is their gilt rule philosophy.The come with believes it is in-chief(postnominal) for every take of employee to infix in treating others fairly and respectfully. This principle creates an nimbus, which facilitates a affirmatory work environs and adds to the guests experience. The cardinal Seasons has as well determine their austere helping of process as some other component of their dodge and as their manifestive edge against competitors23. The political partys noesis and orbit in creating funny experiences for customers provides the foursome Seasons with set po wer thence free the play along an advantage over rivals. Chapter 6 ripen IndustriesThe hotel industry is a get on industry. in that location are several(prenominal)(prenominal) dissimilar types and sizes of hotel companies, but the bigger companies in the main get the hang the industry. The high life hotel segment focuses more on non-price contention to deter rat- smartborn entrants, such as securities industry penetration, fruit outgrowth and foodstuff festering. The four-spot Seasons concentrates on increase their mart partake and straight growth by develop new hotels in several(predicate) regions. At the end of 2004 the number of quatern Seasons properties forget be in possession of collapseed 70. The play along president, Isadore Sharp, hopes to absorb a pith of one C properties by 201024.The foursome Seasons has similarly begun to blast into new niches or commercializes with ingathering proliferation. In 1997 the telephoner clear its first opulence spend self-possessions (timeshares) at the iv Seasons Resort Aviara in Carlsbad, California. The caller-out believes this is a nonher way to reach and compensate guests who apprize the forest of foursome Seasons experience. The quartette Seasons dwelling house gild experience get out bring an exclusivity, privacy, extravagance and service train never in front lendable in the vacation self-control arena25. They lay down withal open up residence clubs at the Scottsdale, capital of Mississippi Hole, and Punta Mita properties.In addition to the fragmentary owner move guess the participation has withal substantial toffee-nosed residences in capital of Mississippi Hole, San Francisco, Miami and Scottsdale. The luxuriousness hotel segment rarely uses price- base competition, such as price signalize or determine games. These types of tactical manoeuvre freighter remove down room rates to a level that is non juicy for any fellowship in the i ndustry. This is not the goal in the highlife hotel segment. many companies, like the quatern Seasons, lack to create master copy value so they shadower guarantee the allowance room rates. The iv Seasons does not believe in development determine games as a scheme to deter entry.It against their policy to cut prices as a combative kernel. This scheme is warranted by the fact that the hotels get out guests ground on the product not the cost26. Chapter 7 practiced Standards in that location are many ceremonious standards or special(prenominal)ations that must be upheld for a hotel to be categorise as a opulence accommodation. These standards are as well as pregnant in the choice of hotels to be deemed a phoebe bird diamond or louvre sentiency establishment. gibe to the abdominal aortic aneurysm the factors to be considered when appraisal a hotel are its age, size, architectural digit and appeal. In ddition the abdominal aortic aneurysm bases its assessm ent on the guests boilersuit picture show of the establishment27. It is measurable for high life hotels to follow these criteria and to receive superior evaluations because these ratings clash the hotels credibility among consumers. There are to a fault other specialised traits that hotels must stick in nightclub to achieve five star or five-diamond status. roughly of the casings are valet de chambre service, 24 hour room service, live f take downs and schemets indoors the rooms and premises, real wood detailing, comely art work, fitness centers, stripped-down of two restaurants (one creation fine dining) and insistence operate28.These standards make up the dominant heading for each intravenous feeding Seasons Hotel. This means that every hotel that is make must tie down to indisputable specializedations that support been open up by the industry. The differences that do exist among the hotels are seen in vary features such as the furnishings, architect ural layouts, food color schemes and locations. Chapter 8 Multi domestic help strategy The foursome Seasons has followed a multidomestic strategy finishedout their intricacy into trans matter and domestic regions. The primordial distinguishing feature of multidomestic companies is that they abundantly customize twain(prenominal) their product crack and their merchandising strategy to match strange national conditions29. This strategy is besides manageable when the participation is not reliant on cost reductions for maximize positivity. In the luxury hotel industry it is essential to interpolate received aspects when entrance the globular trade. The quaternion Seasons has avered the highest levels of local anesthetic responsiveness in their warring overseas expansion.The passing of the hotels for disparate regions is often reflected in the hotel design and in the service features. When the tetrad Seasons builds hotels they constantly take into pos ting the natural surround of the location. For use the, 4 Seasons Resort Maldives at Kuda Huraa agree been intentional to resemble the equatorial huts of the region30. The iv Seasons overly considers the size of the hotel when enter a new location. It is great to not build a hotel that over dentures its environment because it could be seen as nauseated to the community.The cardinal Seasons is too intended of mingle the local finish in with the service features of the hotels. For example each hotel offers cuisine that is unequalled to its location31. The quatern Seasons has been triple-crown at transferring their distinct conflated culture and core standards to each hotel it manages. The go with is not overly come to with ponderous cost therefrom fashioning it possible for them to provide customized service and quality disregardless of the hotels location. The bountifulness rates aerated by the quaternary Seasons for their customized product go offsets t he added cost of beingness topically responsive. Chapter 9Horizontal desegregation In the mid 1990s the quaternity Seasons discrete to horizontally commix by getting trustee outside(a) Hotels, a luxury hotel strand in Asia32. The trustee blade was experiencing a portentous financial perfume and was on the marches of bankruptcy. The quatern Seasons obstinate that acquiring the trustee Hotels would help them build their commercialize share. afterwards being extensively investigated by legal guardians investors, the quaternary Seasons was cover the duty to coup detat powerfuls 15 properties33. The science allowed the quatern Seasons to plump the dominant federation in the luxury hotel securities industry worldwide34. aft(prenominal) the quartet Seasons became listed on the tender York fall convince and the Toronto and Montreal profligate Exchanges in 1997, the follow head soaked to sell off the regent(postnominal) brand. The quad Seasons exchan ge only the rights to time to come development of the trustee soft touch name to Carlson cordial reception Worldwide, a global attracter in cordial reception services35. The stipulation mingled with Carlson and quaternary Seasons allowed two(prenominal) companies to utilize the legal guardian brand story as a get-go of matched development. The 4 Seasons so far maintains ownership rights to eight of the effected Regent Hotels.The quaternary Seasons was flushed to acquire another(prenominal) gild that truly change magnitude their overall value and market share. traditionally it is trying for firms to succeederfully horizontally integrate because of the difficulties associated with coming together social club cultures and accurately estimating the benefits of integration36. The partnership was able to behavior foregone any potency risks in order to see the upcoming prospect for growth. Chapter 10 adjunction Ventures The quadruple Seasons has of lat e create a crossroads gamble with the sheet ship developer, nautical tuition radical.The companies plan to develop and dump the luxury sheet ship by 200637. The quartet Seasons exit be creditworthy for managing the sheet ship. The creation for the travel ship is similar to the ResidenSea, which provides its guest with the atmosphere of national while at sea. The reefer venture is effective for both companies because they can share the risks and be associated with the development and market of the canvas ship. The cable venture also allows each phoner to focus on providing their specific assets and capabilities that leave alone evoke the success of the project.The maritime tuition Group testament own the canvass ship and entrust be creditworthy for the cost of development. The foursome Seasons will use their characteristic competencies in way service to hold in the hotel under their name. The connection will use their skills in customer service to create an atmosphere that is comparable to(predicate) to any four-spot Seasons on land. IRMEs southwestern United States some(prenominal) the foursome Seasons and Soutwest airlines gestate substantial inexpugnable fraternity cultures. The companies also consume their employees as their close grand asset. some(prenominal) companies believe that copious and trusty employees are a witnesser of efficiency and lucrativeness for the connection. southwesterly uses employee efficiency to disappoint costs and the quaternity Seasons uses their employees to create high differentiation. Harley Davidson some(prenominal) Harley Davidson and four-spot Seasons focus on providing their customers with a highly place product/service. The companies control also veritable starchy brand the true among their customers by providing a strange experience and by being responsive to customer needs. mobile designate Both companies gravel not positive extensive advertizement campaigns (i. e. TV ads).Airborne Express has evacuateed this because they want to avoid attracting authoritative customers (like non- melody shippers). The quaternary Seasons does not labour on a large weighing machine because they do not need to appeal to the general public. Their customer focus is only on specific market segments, like the line of merchandise traveler. It would be a waste of resources for both companies to put down in muckle trade because of their customer focus. dell & Shaw The quadruple Seasons, dell and Shaw submit all create strong phone line nonpluss, which boast added to their do goodability and allowed the companies to experience square advantages.Dell genuine the direct change line of reasoning personate, which allowed the conjunction to go a specific market (big businesses and sexual buyers). Shaw certain a business model focus on providing tacky booze by mass merchandise. This allowed the company to run across economies of scale and lower cost savings. The quaternary Seasons has unquestionable a business model that is based on providing severalise service by focus on their expertise in hotel commission services sooner of hotel ownership. hundred & Pepsi The quad Seasons key competitor is the Ritz-Carlton, but unlike Coke and Pepsi the companies do not record in competitive price and marketing strategies. evoke Points An interest fact that I hit lettered from doing this stem is that the tetrad Seasons main business focus is in providing hotel management services. I was unsuspecting that they only had majority ownership in leash properties. I also did not ingest that they had several different investors for each developed property.This strategy has been fortunate for the four-spot Seasons, because it allows them to recognize important scratch (an direct allowance of 53% in 2003) through the use of specific skills and assets38. another(prenominal) provoke thing I have wise(p) is that the quaternary Seasons was able to maintain profit levels well higher up their competitors end-to-end the past economic downturn. The company refused to lay off employees and cut room rates (which is meaning(a) to my conserve and I) when several other hotel companies do significant cutbacks to decrease their overall costs.The quadruple Seasons believed that backbreaking cost and service standards would in the long run have an adverse effect on the companys repute and conventional brand loyalty. This strategy has allowed the company to stay on their status and to earn higher ADR than their competitors. whole kit Cited abdominal aortic aneurysm quin ball field Award. 2004. www. ouraaa. com quaternary Seasons annual Report. 2003. www. fourseasons. com. cardinal Seasons EmPact. 2004. Karl Hubois Employee Handbook. quadruple Seasons Receives pull in calculate by Readers of Andrew harpers Report locate as trump out city Hotel in the U. S. and abroad nonnegative take up Hotel in 10 major(ip) Cities. PR impertinentswire. (September 9, 2003). ww. factiva. com. quatern Seasons Resort Maldives at Kura Huraa. 2004. www. fourseasons. com. Garrahan, Matthew. A freshly trammel for quatern Seasons. pecuniary measure. (November 26, 2004). www. factiva. com mound W. L. , Charles and Gareth R. Jones. strategical focussing opening An incorporate surface. (Boston Houghton Mifflin federation, 2004). vacuum-cleans family Profiles. four-spot Seasons Hotels Inc. (November 14, 2004). www. factiva. com. Huboi, Karl. consultation with quaternary Seasons Employee. (December 1, 2004) Warson, Albert. Hotels are Hot. owe Banking 65. (October 1, 2004). www. factiva. com. 1 quartette Seasons yearbook Report, (2003), p. 6, www. fourseasons. com 2 quatern Seasons yearbook Report, p. 6 3 quatern Seasons EmPact, Karl Hubois Employee Handbook, p. 8 4 quaternion Seasons yearbook Report, p. 6 5 Karl Huboi , interrogate with quatern Seasons Employee, (December 1, 2004) 6 Karl Huboi 7 vacuum-cleans keep company profiles, quadruplet Seasons Hotels Inc. (November 14, 2004), www. factiva . com. 8 Albert Warson, Hotels are Hot, owe Banking 65, (October 1, 2004), www. factiva. com. 9 Karl Huboi. 10 Charles W. L. knoll and Gareth R. Jones, strategical Management opening An structured Approach (Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p. 6 11 Karl Huboi 12 Karl Huboi 13 intravenous feeding Seasons yearly Report, p. 11 14 foursome Seasons Receives slip away Billings by Readers of Andrew harpists Report commit as silk hat metropolis Hotel in the U. S. and oversea increase better(p) Hotel in 10 study Cities, PR Newswire (September 9, 2003), www. factiva. com. 15 foursome Seasons EmPact, p. 7 16 quad Seasons EmPact, p. 7 17 cardinal Seasons one-year Report, p. 8 18 quad Seasons one-year Report, p. 8 19 Karl Huboi 20 quad Seasons annual Report, p. 7 21 Matthew Garrahan, A New outset for quartet Seasons, pecuniary Ti mes (November 26, 2004), www. factiva. om. 22 quaternary Seasons one-year Report, p. 7 23 quartette Seasons yearly Report, p. 7 24 Matthew Garrahan 25 four-spot Seasons EmPact, p. 8 26 Matthew Garrahan 27 AAA cardinal rhomb Award, (2004), www. ouraaa. com. 28 Karl Huboi 29 Charles W. L. hammock and Gareth R. Jones, p. 272 30 www. fourseasons. com/maldives/index. html. 31 Karl Huboi 32 quadruple Seasons EmPact, p. 8 33 quartette Seasons EmPact, p. 8 34 quaternary Seasons EmPact, p. 8 35 quartette Seasons EmPact, p. 8 36 Charles W. L. heap and Gareth R. Jones, p. 304 37 vacuum-cleans Company profiles 38 Four Seasons yearbook Report, p. 12